Nano Bio-Mems

This post is all about Nano Mems their fabricaton techniques,applications and the like..

NANO-BIOMEMS
INTRODUCTION:
Initially the BIOMEMS that were manufactured using glad technique can only control intravenous delivery cases.
But recently the BIOMEMS are manufactured using nano technology which finds wide application in various fields such as
Aural sensing device
Biosensors
Bioreactors
Drug delivery devices
Micro-chromatography systems
Micro fluidics
Molecular detection
Surgical devices
Tissue handling devices
Retinal sensing

These devices have wide applications in various fields especially in the medical field.
Bio-sensors are used to test the samples taken from human body.
Cancer sensors are used to detect the presence of cancer cells in human body.
The carbon nano tubes are widely used by integrating with certain other polymers.
Nano optics is nothing but an optically thin film structures that are manufactured using nano technology.
Nano optics are fabricated using different process such as lithographic techniques and deposition process.
Nano technology is integrated into optical film using different methods.
Nano optic devices has wide application in industrial field as well as medical field.


BIO-SENSORS:
Bio-sensor is the latest device that is manufactured based on
Nano-BIOMEM technology.
Bio-sensors are of two types vitro type and vivo type.
Vitro type sensors can detect the body temperature,blood glucose level,blood pressure etc.
Whereas Vivo type sensors are used to detect the blood clots,internal imaging systems,neural recording arrays,also detects DNA materials present in human body.
The bio-sensors are fabricated based on two technologies.
The current devices are manufactured based on micro-scale technology
The functioning part is manufactured based on nano-Biomem technology.

A biosensor: DNA-protein recognition ..


CANCER SENSORS:
Researchers ARUN MAJUMDAR and PEIDONG YANG at the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA have developed the first nano-fluidic transistor.
Cancer sensors are used to detect the cancer cells that are present in human body.
Cancer sensors are fabricated by drilling a channel of 35-nm deep into two silicon-di-oxide plates .
The deep channel is filled with water and Kcl solution.
When a voltage is applied the K+ ions move through water and when there is some cancer cells the movement of K+ ions stops and hence detects the presence of cancer cells.


CNT DEVICES:
The CNT tubes when integrated with different polymers have different functions.
The CNT tubes if integrated with silicon and inserted into BIOMEMS will act as capnography sensor(i.e.)it monitors human breathing systems.
During emergency situation this capnography sensors alerts the doctors by giving alarm signals.
The CNT transistors when fused with carbon-di-oxide detecting polymers can determine the concentration of co2 in ambient and exhaled air.
The researchers prefer two layered nano-device assembly that can provide control over each component.
The CNT layers provides density and complexity to nano devices.
The CNT devices are also used to clean the floors.

CAPNOGRAPHY SENSOR


FABRICATION OF NANO-OPTICS:
Nano-optics are fabricated using different techniques such as lithographic technique,deposition process,etching method etc.
Of all these the most important methods are lithographic technique and deposition process.


DEPOSITION PROCESS:
One or more target materials are prepared by selecting suitable substrate material.
A thin film of boundary layer is provided for this target material
Then suitable thickness of target material is deposited on the target material onto which the nano-technology is inscribed.



LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE:
In this technique nano-optics fabrication method is similar to the operations of nano imprints and nanoembassing.
Here the nanopatterns are transferred to the target material through direct contact.
Since the nano pattern is transferred by direct contact it prevents the interaction between energy beam and polymer layer.

LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE



NANO-OPTIC INTEGRATION:
The modern nano-optic devices are the integration of nano-optic technology and electro-optic circuits.
There are three different methods of integration namely integration by assembly,monolithic integration,hybrid integration.
In the first method the nano-optic technology is integrated into the device held in a glass or any other substrate material.
In the monolithic integration method the nano-optic technology is interspersed between thin-film layers and configured in the form of arrays.
In the hybrid method of integration the nano-optic technology is applied to the materials in which the material already have some optic technology.
Optical functionality that has been demonstrated using nano-technology includes

Polarization effects
Polarisers,polarization beam splitters
Phase retardation
Wave plates,retarders
Focal adjustments
Anti-reflection structures,lenses,mirrors
Spectral selection

NANO-INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

APPLICATIONS OF NANO-OPTICS:
Nano optic devices are used as digital imaging systems,sensors etc.
Nano optic technologies are integrated into liquid crystals and used in LCD displays since it gives high accuracy.
In digital imaging techniques nano filters increases the performance and robustness of the system.
In projection displays the nano-optic devices improves the clarity and contrast of the image.
Nano-optic sensors are used to identify the potential threats.

CONCLUSION:
Nano technology has been developed a lot from earlier days.
The nano-optic devices reduces the size and weight of the device.
In future based on Nano-BIOMEM technology scientists are going to design a biomolecular motor which can transport target materials and create a distributed system of sensing biological agents.
The researchers are also going to implement wireless vivo type of bio-sensors which can monitor the entire physiological activities of human body.

Anti Hiv-Using Nano Robots

Anti-HIV

using Nanorobots

Introduction:

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometers (10^-9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots. Nanorobots would be typically devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometersthey could work at atomic, molecular and cellular level to perform work Nanorobots are to likely be constructed of carbon atoms, generally in diamond structure because of inert properties and strength,glucose (or) natural body sugars and oxygen might be source at propulsion,Nanorobots will respond to acoustic signals.

AIDS

It is the Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV,AIDS human viral disease ravages the immune system, the major issue of AIDS is that it leaves the infected person vulnerable to opportunistic infection.HIV principally attacks CD4 T-cells,as result body ability to resist viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal and other immunity of the body is weakened. HIV can transmit from one body to the other through

Contaminated blood

Unsterlized needles

Mother to child during birth

Aids is a condition where as body's specific defense system no longer works properly. There is a focused loss over time of immune cell function. As result loss of ability of body to light infection Our immune system comprises of two types of cells

B-cells

T-cells

B-cells

B-cells responsible for production of antibodies. The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system.

T-cells

T-cells are two types, either for helping B-cells or for killing damaged cells.

Helper T-cells(Th2)

Cytotoxic T-cells. (Th1)

For B-cell to do its job requires helper Th2 cell,for cytotoxic T-cell it require Th1 helper T-cell,when foreign substance enters both B&T cells responds,if foreign agent enters a cell & remain stayed cytotoxic T-cells are activated & kills that agent.

HIV aims at (Th1&Th2) elimination

OPERATION OF HIV

Proteins are part of the envelope of HIV, a protein named GP120 recognizes a protein on helper T-cells named CD4,the CD4 protein is a normal part of helper T-cells,

HIV infects mainly B&T-cells, Without Immune responses from T-cells, B-cells cannot make antibodies to fight HIV cells, This cycle increases substantial loss of helper T-cells .

Our body responds through protection of more T-cells, HIV viruses infects these target and eliminate them too.More T-cells produce more infected HIV cells this fight continuous up to inability to produce T-cell.

REASONS FOR APPLYING NANOTECH TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Most animal cells are 10,000-20,000 nm in dia.Nanoscale devices are less than 100nm in size

Nanodevices enters cells & organelles and easily interact with proteins and DNA, it can easily monitor the cells &its behavior inside body, it could possible to run many diagnostic tests as well so implementing Nano robots to diagnose & treatment of highly fatal diseases like AIDS will be more precise and the fatality of such diseases can be reduced.

NANOROBOTS

METHODOLOGY

AIDS is not a killer disease rather destroyer of immune system, the HIV attack WBC by converting into HIV, all WBC are converted into HIV, thus immune system fails. Our idea is to turn AIDS Affected WBC to original WBC using Nanorobots. Nanorobots should be very much fast than HIV works of WBC.

TECHNIQUE USED

Construction of Nanorobots involves atom to atom or molecule by molecule methods ,size

Of Nanorobots will be typically 0.5 to 3 microns large with 1 to 100 nm parts. Three micron is appear limit of any nanorobot.

STUCTURE

It will be of diamond shape vacuum environment made of carbon derivatives into which

matters can not enter unless need for analysis,it will be subjected to various chemical liquid in our body. The Nanorobots Consists of three main parts like

· DNA sensor,

· CPU,

· RNA converter & the power system.

The purpose of DNA sensor is to identify the HIV infected cell.

RNA converter is used to change the RNA of the HIV.

CPU controls all the activities.

Power system provides necessary energy for the working of the Nanorobots

DNA SENSOR

DNA sensor is cantilever type

In one arm actual sample is placed in second arm sample of WBC is placed.

If sample differ the sensor identify.

ACQUIRING POWER

It could metabolized local glucose & oxygen for energy.

Another possibility external supplied acoustic power.

COMMUNICATION

It is essential for us to monitor the work of Nanorobots inside our body, one of a way to communicate is to send message into our body in acoustic messaging, a device similar to ultra sound probe would be employed for the encoding and decoding of the messages.

BASIC EQUATION

.

REQUIREMENTS OF NANOROBOTS

Ø It should be very small so that the blood capillary flow is not affected.

Ø It should not be affected by the WBC.

Ø It should convert the infected WBC into the original WBC in a very faster manner.

Ø It should be made of cheaper rates, so that the patient can afford it easily.

ADVANTAGES

Ø The nanorobots do not generate any harmful activities there is no side effect.

Ø It operates at specific site only.

Ø The initial cost of development is only high but the manufacturing by batch processing reduces the cost.

DISADVANTAGES

Ø The nanorobot should be very accurate, otherwise harmful effects may occur.

Ø The initial design cost is very high.

Ø The design of this nanorobot is a very complicated one.

CONCLUSION

Ø These are just theoretical justifications.

Ø This paper gives introduction to Nanorobotics & important.

Ø This is the NanoERA and we could expect future improvement such as aids treatment.